Definition of Hernia
Hernia ek condition hai jisme internal organ, usually intestine, weak abdominal wall ke through bahar protrude ho jata hai. Ye bulge coughing, standing, ya lifting se zyada visible hota hai. Severe cases me organ strangulate ho kar emergency create karta hai.
Types of Hernia
● Inguinal Hernia – Groin area me, most common
● Femoral Hernia – Upper thigh area
● Umbilical Hernia – Navel region
● Incisional Hernia – Previous surgical scar par
● Hiatal Hernia – Stomach diaphragm ke upar chala jata hai
● Epigastric Hernia – Upper abdomen me
Causes of Hernia
● Weak abdominal muscles
● Heavy weight lifting
● Chronic cough (smoking-related)
● Chronic constipation or straining
● Pregnancy
● Obesity
● Aging
● Previous abdominal surgery
● Sudden pressure increase (trauma, sneezing)
Risk Factors of Hernia
● Male gender (inguinal hernia common)
● Family history
● Obesity
● Pregnancy
● Premature infants
● Chronic smokers
● Heavy physical labor
● Chronic cough (COPD)
Pathophysiology of Hernia
● Abdominal wall me congenital ya acquired weakness develop hoti hai.
● Intra-abdominal pressure badhne par intestine weak spot se bahar push hota hai.
● Early stage me hernia reducible hota hai.
● Later incarcerated ho sakta hai (stuck, not reducible).
● Strangulation me blood supply cut off ho jati hai → tissue death → emergency.
Symptoms of Hernia
● Visible bulge in groin/abdomen/navel
● Pain while lifting, coughing, or bending
● Heaviness or dragging sensation
● Constipation (bowel involvement)
● Hiatal hernia symptoms:
● Heartburn
● Regurgitation
● Chest pain
Emergency Signs
(Strangulation)
● Severe sudden pain
● Dark/red bulge
● Vomiting
● Fever
● Inability to pass gas or stool
Complications of Hernia
● Incarceration
● Strangulation
● Bowel obstruction
● Tissue necrosis
● Severe infection
● Peritonitis
Diagnosis of Hernia
● Physical examination
● Ultrasound abdomen
● CT scan / MRI
● Endoscopy (Hiatal hernia detection)
Treatment of Hernia
1. Medical Management (Temporary Relief)
● Hernia belt / truss support
● Avoid heavy lifting
● Treat constipation
● Treat chronic cough
(Permanent cure nahi hota)
2. Surgical Management (Definitive Treatment)
● Herniorrhaphy (muscle wall repair)
● Hernioplasty (mesh repair)
● Laparoscopic repair (small cuts, fast recovery)
● Emergency surgery in strangulation
Nursing Management of Hernia
● Pain assessment and relief
● Educate patient to avoid lifting/straining
● High-fiber diet to prevent constipation
● Post-surgery care:
● Incision monitoring
● Early ambulation
● Avoid coughing/straining
● Monitor infection signs
● Provide emotional support
Prevention of Hernia
● Maintain healthy weight
● Avoid heavy lifting
● Stop smoking
● Treat chronic cough early
● High-fiber diet
● Strengthen abdominal muscles
Summary of Hernia
● Hernia ek protrusion condition hai jisme intestine weak abdominal wall se bahar aa jata hai.
● Strangulated hernia life-threatening emergency hota hai.
● Only surgery permanent cure provide karti hai.
● Nursing care pain control, infection prevention aur lifestyle guidance par focused hoti hai.
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