Definition of Pneumonia
Pneumonia ek acute lung infection hai jisme alveoli fluid, pus ya inflammatory material se fill ho jaate hain. Gas exchange impaired hota hai → patient ko cough, fever, breathlessness hoti hai. Bacteria, virus, fungus ya aspiration iske main causes hain.
Types of Pneumonia
● Community-Acquired Pneumonia
● Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
● Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
● Aspiration Pneumonia
● Lobar Pneumonia
● Bronchopneumonia
Causes of Pneumonia
● Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Staph aureus, Klebsiella
● Virus: Influenza, RSV, COVID-19
● Fungi: Aspergillus, Histoplasma
● Aspiration: Food/vomit going into lungs
● Hospital organisms: Pseudomonas, MRSA
Risk Factors of Pneumonia
● Elderly age
● Smoking
● Diabetes
● COPD, asthma
● Weak immune system
● Alcohol consumption
● Malnutrition
● Long-term bed rest
● Recent viral infection
● Mechanical ventilation
Pathophysiology of Pneumonia
● Infectious pathogen lungs me enter karta hai.
● Alveoli me inflammation + fluid/pus fill hota hai.
● Oxygen exchange decrease hone se hypoxia hoti hai.
● Neutrophils, macrophages infection se fight karte hain.
● Severe cases me consolidation develop hoti hai.
Symptoms of Pneumonia
● Fever and chills
● Productive cough (yellow/green sputum)
● Shortness of breath
● Chest pain (pleuritic)
● Crackles on auscultation
● Fatigue, weakness
● Cyanosis (severe cases)
● Elderly: confusion or altered behavior
Complications of Pneumonia
● Pleural effusion
● Lung abscess
● Respiratory failure
● Empyema
● Sepsis
● ARDS
Diagnosis of Pneumonia
● Physical exam: crackles, low breath sounds
● Chest X-ray: infiltrates, consolidation
● CBC: ↑ WBC count
● Sputum culture
● Pulse oximetry
● ABG for hypoxia
● CT chest (complicated cases)
Treatment of Pneumonia
1. Medical Management
● Antibiotics: Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone
● Antivirals: Oseltamivir
● Antifungals (fungal cause)
● Antipyretics
● Oxygen therapy
● Bronchodilators (salbutamol)
2. Supportive Management
● IV fluids
● Nebulization
● Chest physiotherapy
● High-nutrition diet
● Rest
Nursing Management of Pneumonia
● Monitor respiratory rate & oxygen saturation
● Semi-Fowler’s position for easy breathing
● Encourage deep breathing & coughing
● Maintain hydration
● Administer antibiotics on time
● Monitor cyanosis, confusion
● Provide humidified oxygen
● Educate to avoid smoking
● Maintain infection control precautions
Prevention of Pneumonia
● Pneumococcal vaccine
● Influenza vaccine
● Hand hygiene
● Avoid smoking
● Balanced diet
● Treat chronic diseases
● Good oral hygiene
● Aspiration precautions in bedridden patients
Summary of Pneumonia
● Pneumonia ek lung infection hai jisme alveoli fluid se fill ho jaate hain.
● Common symptoms: fever, cough, breathlessness, chest pain.
● Diagnosis X-ray aur sputum tests se hota hai.
● Treatment antibiotics + oxygen therapy se hota hai.
● Early treatment se complications prevent kiye ja sakte hain.
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